Résumés :
LE CORPS : UN REGARD TAOÏSTE
Au cours de la longue histoire chinoise, cet enseignement s’est cristallisé d’abord dans la bouche et la plume de grands auteurs tels que Laozi et Zhuangzi, puis exprimé par différentes écoles ou sectes qui apportèrent chaque fois des éléments spécifiques à cette tradition polymorphe. Mais par delà la diversité de ces différentes sources ou courants, qui constituent autant de "dire" distincts – rappelons que "énoncer" ou "dire" sont un autre sens du mot Tao ! –, l’unité du Taoïsme se perçoit de façon privilégiée quand on cherche à percevoir ce que ces traditions enseignent à nos regards autant qu’à nos corps.
Ce qui vient d’être dit permet de comprendre que le Taoïsme, comme tradition spécifique, repose sur une conception chinoise beaucoup plus largement partagée que par seulement quelques moines taoïstes cachés dans des grottes ou des temples reculés. Il s’agit d’une sorte de conviction qu’en chaque réalité autant que dans l’univers tout entier se cherche autant que se trace une voie (Dao) qui dit (Dao) sa direction plus qu’elle ne se la laisse dire, le grand art étant d’apprendre à l’entendre autant qu’à lui obéir. De Laozi, consacré entièrement à essayer d’entendre cet inaudible, à Jésus-Christ, livrant sa vie dans l’obéissance à la voix de cet invisible impalpable qu’il appelle son Père et notre Père, il semble donc qu’une même parole livre un corps à corps avec nos corps. Pourtant le dialogue entre les traditions taoïstes et chrétiennes est à peine commencé.
En explorant l’évolution du regard taoïste sur le corps au fil des siècles, nous essayerons donc d’esquisser comment cette tradition pourrait interpeller et questionner un certain nombre de dimensions physiques de l’être chrétien comme par exemple l’importance de la résurrection des corps, l’écoute de la parole ou la vie sacramentaire
Pierre-Henry de Bruyn
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THE BODY : A TAOIST VIEW
In Chinese civilisation, the Tao – which means, among other things, "Way" or "Path" – refers far more correctly to the natural "coming into being" of all reality rather than simply to a particular philosophico-religious tradition, namely Taoism. Heaven has its Tao; the king has his own Tao, the body too, and so on for everything. The Taoism incorrectly called "religious" or Daojiao began after the 2nd century CE. It followed on the Taoism inadequately called "philosophica" or Daojia of the great sages of Antiquity such as Laozi (Lao-Tzu) or Zhuangzi (Chuang-Tzu) who lived between four and six centuries BCE. It is concerned to "teach" (jiao) the disciple how to take his place in the cosmic becoming as well as how to situate himself in his own Tao (Dao) and in that of others. As a result, the "Taoist" attitude to the body means educating both mind and body. It means ensuring the development, which is as much physically felt as lived out in practice, of harmony between the body and the totality of things, by means of an ever increasing reverence for their respective Tao.
In the long course of Chinese history this teaching was communicated first orally and then in writing by great authors such as Loazi and Zhuangzi and then elaborated by the different schools or sects, each contributing specific elements to the multifaceted tradition. But within the diversity of these different sources or streams, which form as many distinct ways of "saying" – let us remember that to "proclaim" or to "say" are other meanings of the word Tao! – the unity of Taoism is remarkably clear to those who seek to understand what these traditions teach our minds and our bodies.
It is clear, therefore, that Taoism as a specific tradition is based on a Chinese view of things which belongs to a wider circle than just a few Taoist monks hidden in caves or distant temples. It is a sort of conviction that in every single object as well as in the whole universe, a way (Dao) is seeking to discover itself and to determine its path. It is a way (Dao) which "says" (Dao) its direction more than it lets itself be told. The art consists in learning to hear it as much as to follow it. From Laozi, totally committed to hearing what was inaudible to Jesus Christ, offering his life in obedience to the voice of the intangible and invisible whom he calls his Father and our Father, it seems that one and the same word is struggling with our bodies. And yet the dialogue between the Taoist and Christian traditions has hardly begun.
In exploring the development of the Taoist view of the body over the centuries, we will try to show how this tradition could involve and challenge some aspects of Christian teaching in its physical aspect such as, for example, the importance of the resurrection of the body, attentiveness to the word or the sacramental life.2805
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